ENERGETSKA POLITIKA

Cilj poglavlja

Cilj ovog poglavlja je upoznati osnovne političke mehanizme koji utječu na energetiku Hrvatske i Europe.

Svrha poglavlja

Nakon završetka ovog poglavlja, trebali biste moći:

1. Razumjeti geopolitički kontekst u kojem se nalazi Hrvatska kao zemlja tranzicije.
2. Razumjeti važnost i probleme sigurnosti dobave energije.
3. Razumjeti utjecaj cijene energenata na konkurentnost proizvodnje.
4. Razumjeti logiku restrukturiranja i liberalizacije tržišta, te smisao privatizacije.

Uvod

• Implozija drugog svijeta (socijalističkog bloka) 1989.

• Opcije su priključenje prvom svijetu (kapitalističkom bloku) ili izolacija i autarhija

• ideološko priključenje - demokracija

• ekonomsko priključenje - slobodno tržište

• vojno priključenje - zajednička sigurnost

• Zemlje u tranziciji su:

• Centralna i istočna Europa (CEEC): Češka, Estonija, Latvija, Litva, Mađarska, Poljska, Slovačka, Slovenija

• Jugoistočna Europa (SEE): Bugarska, Rumunjska

• Jugoistočna Europa - Zapadni Balkan (SEE-WB): Albanija, Crna Gora, Bosna i Hercegovina, Hrvatska, Kosovo, Makedonija, Srbija

• Istočna Europa i Centralna Azija (EECA): Armenija, Azerbejdžan, Belarus, Gruzija, Kazakhstan, Kirgistan, Moldova, Rusija, Tadžikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukrajina, Uzbekistan

• Mongolija

Slika 1. Usporedba GDP po stanovniku Portugala i Hrvatske, 1950. - 2006.	Slika 2. Pravi početak tranzicije u Hrvatskoj - 3. siječnja 2000.

"In fact, the post-communist variety of ethnic politics—made notorious by Mr Milosevic, but also practised in varying degrees by Croatian, Bosnian-Muslim and ethnic-Albanian power-brokers—is a specific strain of the nationalist virus. It appeared in many places where the Marxist system, with its windy slogans of unity and brotherhood, collapsed suddenly. In former Yugoslavia, as in the Caucasus, many ex-communist leaders found that fanning inter-ethnic passions provided a handy way to maintain their grip on economic and political life. After all, when a nation or ethnic group is “battling for survival”, literally or metaphorically, then its leaders can suppress dissent, and shrug off calls for a more open economy and society." The Economist

"Patriotism is a last refuge of a scoundrel", Samuel Johnson

"Ich liebe nicht den Staat, ich liebe meine Frau", Gustav Heinemann

Tranzicija i eurointegracije

Uvod

Proces tranzicije bivših komunističkih zemalja išao je kroz njihovo postepeno uključenje u zapadne institucije, te njihovu integraciju u glavne evroatlantske institucije. Neke su se od tih zemalja već gotovo u potpunosti integrirale, poput recimo Slovenije, neke su na sredini puta, poput Hrvatske, a neke još nisi niti krenule u taj proces, poput većine bivših sovjetskih republika.

Crvenim su označene promjene u odnosu na prošlogodišnje predavanje.

Organizacija za sigurnost i suradnju

Organizacija za sigurnost i suradnju - Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe - OSCE - osnovana kao organizacija za suradnju između dvaju blokova - 56 članica - 28 zemalja u tranziciji - Hrvatska je članica od 1992.

Vijeće Europe

Vijeće Europe - Council of Europe - organizacija demokratskih zemalja Europe - preduvjet demokratizacija - 47 članica (46, 2006) - 22 zemlje u tranziciji (21, 2006) - Hrvatska je članica od 1996.
	Slika 3. Vijeće Europe - potvrda demokratičnosti

Partnerstvo za mir

Partnerstvo za mir - Partnership for Peace - vojna suradnja zemalja tranzicije te neutralnih zemalja Europe s NATO-om - 23 članica (20, 2006) - 18 zemalja u tranziciji (15, 2006) - Hrvatska je članica od 2000.
	Slika 4. Članstvo u Euroatlantic Partnership Council, čiji je Partnerstvo za mir dio - putu prema NATO-u

Svjetska trgovinska organizacija

Svjetska trgovinska organizacija - World Trade Organization - multilateralni sporazum o međunarodnoj trgovini - 151 članica (149, 2006) - 18 zemalja u tranziciji - Hrvatska je članica od 2000.

Suradnja s EU

Suradnja s EU - Association Agreement / Stabilization and Association Agreement (SEE-WB) / Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (EECA) - ekonomska i tehnološka suradnja s EU - 3 E/AA - 2 zemlje u tranziciji - 2 (SAA za Hrvatsku je stupio na snagu 2005) SAA - 10 PCA/TCA - sve zemlje u tranziciji

• Hrvatska je pridružena članica EU od početka 2005.

• Makedonija je pridružena članica EU od 2004.

• Albanija je potpisala SAA 2006., čime je privremeni sporazum (IA) stupio na snagu, a pridruženo članstvo čeka ratifikaciju 25 zemalja članica (Bugarska i Rumunjska su ušle nakon potpisivanja), Europskog parlamenta i Albanije

• Crna Gora je potpisala SAA 2007., čime je privremeni sporazum (IA) stupio na snagu, a pridruženo članstvo čeka ratifikaciju 27 zemalja članica, Europskog parlamenta i Crne Gore

• Bosna i Hercegovina je počela pregovore 2005., te je 2006. završila tehnički dio pregovora

• Srbija je počela pregovore 2005., te je 2007. završila tehnički dio pregovora

• Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova i europskih integracija - Sporazum o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju

How important is regional cooperation? Chriss Patten: We are not trying in South East Europe to recreate Yugoslavia; we are not trying to put the jigsaw back together. What we are saying is that it is our experience in the EU that regional cooperation, political and economic cooperation is crucial. That is what the EU represents above all. So it would be amazing, truly surprising if the formula, which we believe works for us, was a formula which we declined to believe should be applied in SEE. Whether you are talking about energy, the electricity market, whether you are talking about trade, cooperation and fighting organized crime, the list goes on and on. There is a powerful argument for cooperating regionally and I very much hope that with the support of the Stability Pact as well as the support of the EC and the member states of the EU we will see better regional cooperation in the future. I am particularly concerned to see a maximum of cooperation in dealing with organized crime because I think that is a cancer, which could eat away the potential success of South East Europe. (više) - Progress reports 2005 - Progress reports 2006 - Progress reports 2007
	Slika 5. Nivoi suradnje s EU ove godine. Balkan nije više crna rupa, ali nije još Europa.

Proces pristupanja NATO-u

Membership Action Plan - proces pristupanja NATO-u - preduvjet članstvo u PfP-u - 3 zemlje - 3 zemlje u tranziciji imaju MAP (Albanija, Hrvatska, Makedonija).

CEFTA

CEFTA - Central European Free Trade Area - organizacija slobodne trgovine reformskih tranzicijskih zemalja - preduvjet članstvo ili akcesija u WTO, pregovaranje pridruženog članstva EU i sklapanje ugovora o slobodnoj trgovini sa svim zemljama članicama - 7 članova (4 člana, 2006) - 7 zemalja u tranziciji (4, 2006) - Hrvatska članica od 2003., a Makedonija od 2005. Nakon ulaska zemalja srednje Europe u EU 2004. i Rumunjske i Bugarske 2007, CEFTA-i se 2007. priključuju ostale zemlje jugoistočne Europe te Kosovo (UNMIK), slike 6 i 7.

Slika 6. Bivše (Poljska, Češka, Slovačka, Mađarska, Slovenija), sadašnje na odlasku u EU (Rumunjska, Bugarska), sadašnje (Hrvatska, Makedonija) i buduće (Albanija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Srbija, Kosovo) članice Central European Free Trade Area		Slika 7. Kamo ide CEFTA?

Akcesija u EU

Akcesija u EU - Accession to European Union - proces pristupanja EU - preduvjet članstvo u Vijeću Europe te Association agreement - 3 zemlje u akcesiji (5, 2006, Hrvatska, Turska i Makedonija) - 2 zemlje u tranziciji (4, 2006) - Hrvatska je u akcesiji, od 2004, te je EU za nju pripremila predpristupnu strategiju - Makedonija je kandidat od 2005. Prvi val petog proširenja od 10 zemalja primljen je 2004. (Estonija, Litva, Latvija, Poljska, Češka, Slovačka, Slovenija, Madžarska, Malta i Cipar). Drugi i završni val petog proširenja je 2007. u koju su uključene Rumunjska i Bugarska.
	Slika 8. Članice EU i one koje će to tek postati.

Slika 8. (1998) i Slika 9. (2006-2009) Godišnji transferi EU zemljama u akcesiji, SAPARD za poljoprivredu, ISPA za okoliš i transport. Uz to postoji i generalni program Phare. Sve programe zamjenjuje IPA od 2007.

OECD

OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - organizacija razvijenih zemalja - preduvjet članstvo u WTO - 30 članica - 4 zemlje u tranziciji - Hrvatska nije članica. In May 2007, OECD countries agreed to invite Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia and Slovenia to open discussions for membership of the Organisation and offered enhanced engagement, with a view to possible membership, to Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa.

NATO

NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation - Sjevernoatlantski savez - američko-europski vojni savez zemalja prvog svijeta - 26 članica - 10 zemalja u tranziciji - Hrvatska nije članica, ali je kandidat
	Slika 10. Širenje NATO-a na istok. Sljedeći krug širenja očekuje se 2008. kada će i Hrvatska vjerojatno biti pozvana.

Europska Unija

Europska Unija - European Union - EU - Unija zemalja Europe - 27 članica (25, 2006) - 10 zemalja u tranziciji (8, 2006) - Europska Unija je 7. najveća država u svijetu po površini, 3. po stanovništvu i 1. po BDP-u

Slika 11. Širenje EU - aritmetika moći novih i starih članova.

Tablica 1. Tranzicija prema Zapadu.

Crveno - promjena situacije od prošlogodišnjeg predavanja.
Zeleno - prestanak članstva zbog prelaska u višu razinu integracije: Pfp > NATO, AA > AP

Zemlja	OSCE	CE	PfP	WTO	AA PCA (IA) SAA	CEFTA	EU ''''Aplikacija/ Početak pregovora/ chapters opened/ chapters closed/ Akcesija/EURO	OECD	NATO
Albanija	1991	1995	1994	2000	(2006)	2007	-	-	MAP
Armenija	1992	2001	1994	2003	1999	-	-	-	-
Azerbejdžan	1992	2001	1994	promatrač	1999	-	-	-	-
Belarus	1992	-	1995	promatrač	pregovori	-	-	-	-
Bosna i Hercegovina	1992	2002	2006	promatrač	pregovori	2007	-	-	-
Bugarska	1973	1992	1994	1996	1993	1999	1995/2000/31/31/2007	-	2004
Crna Gora	2006	-	2006	promatrač	(2007)	2007	-	-	-
Češka	1993	1993	1994	1995	1993	1993	1996/1998/31/31/2004	1995	1999
Estonija	1991	1993	1994	1999	1995	-	1995/1998/31/31/2004	pregovori	2004
Gruzija	1992	1999	1994	2000	1999	-	-	-	-
Hrvatska	1992	1996	2000	2000	2005	2003	2003/2005/14/2/	-	MAP
Kazakstan	1992	-	1994	promatrač	1999	-	-	-	-
Kirgistan	1992	-	1994	1998	1999	-	-	-	-
Latvija	1991	1995	1994	1999	1995	-	1995/2000/31/31/2004	-	2004
Litva	1991	1993	1994	2001	1995	-	1995/2000/31/31/2004	-	2004
Mađarska	1973	1990	1994	1995	1991	1992	1994/1998/31/31/2004	1996	1999
Makedonija	1995	1995	1995	2003	2004	2005	2004///	-	MAP
Moldova	1992	1995	1994	2001	1998	2007	-	-	-
Mongolija	-	-	-	1997	1993	-	-	-	-
Poljska	1973	1991	1994	1995	1991	1992	1994/1998/31/31/2004	1996	1999
Rumunjska	1973	1993	1994	1995	1993	1997	1995/2000/31/31/2007	-	2004
Rusija	1973	1996	1994	promatrač	1997	-	-	pregovori	-
Slovačka	1993	1993	1994	1995	1993	1993	1995/2000/31/31/2004	2000	2004
Slovenija	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1996	1996/1998/31/31/2004/2007	pregovori	2004
Srbija	2000	2003	2006	promatrači	pregovori	2007	-	-	-
Tadžikistan	1992	-	2002	promatrač	(2005)	-	-	-	-
Turkmenistan	1992	-	1994	-	pregovori	-	-	-	-
Ukrajina	1992	1995	1994	promatrač	1998	-	-	-	-
Uzbekistan	1992	-	1994	promatrač	1999	-	-	-	-

Tablica 2. Rang lista trkača prema Zapadu.

Crveno - promjena situacije od prošlogodišnjeg predavanja.
Članstvo u OSCE 1 bod.
Članstvo u CE 2 boda.
Članstvo u PfP 2 boda (1 bod za članstvo u EAPC).
Članstvo u WTO 4 boda (1 bod proces učlanjivanja, 2 za potpisivanje sporazuma).
AA ili SAA 4 boda, PCA 2 boda, IA 1 bod.
Članstvo u CEFTA-i 4 boda.
Accession Partnership bodovi prema broju zatvorenih poglavlja. Euro +10.
Članstvo u OECD-u 5 bodova.
Članstvo u NATO-u 5 bodova (1 bod za MAP, 2 za akcesiju).
Poredak se u 1999-2000. računao prema nešto drugačijim uvjetima.

Poredak	Zemlja	OSCE	CE	PfP	WTO	AA, SAA, PCA, IA	CEFTA	Akcesija EU	OECD	NATO	total	Poredak
												2006	2005	2004	2003	2002	2001	2000	1999
1.	Slovenija	1	2	2	4	4	4	73+10€	-	5	105	5.	5.	5.	5.	5.	5.	4.	4.
2.	Mađarska	1	2	2	4	4	4	73	5	5	100	1.	1.	1.	1.	1.	1.	1.	1.
3.	Češka	1	2	2	4	4	4	73	5	5	100	2.	2.	2.	2.	2.	3.	3.	3.
4.	Poljska	1	2	2	4	4	4	73	5	5	100	3.	3.	3.	3.	3.	2.	2.	2.
5.	Slovačka	1	2	2	4	4	4	73	5	5	100	4.	4.	4.	4.	4.	4.	6.	6.
6.	Bugarska	1	2	2	4	4	4	73	-	5	95	9.	9.	9.	9.	9.	7.	7.	7.
7.	Rumunjska	1	2	2	4	4	4	73	-	5	95	10.	10.	10.	10.	10.	6.	5.	5.
8.	Latvija	1	2	2	4	4	-	73	-	5	91	6.	6.	6.	6.	6.	9.	9.	9.
9.	Litva	1	2	2	4	4	-	73	-	5	91	7.	7.	7.	7.	7.	10.	10.	10.
10.	Estonija	1	2	2	4	4	-	73	-	5	91	8.	8.	8.	8.	8.	8.	8.	8.
11.	Hrvatska	1	2	2	4	4	4	2	-	1	20	11.	11.	11.	11.	14.	14.	23.	24.
12.	Makedonija	1	2	2	4	4	4	-	-	1	18	12.	12.	12.	15.	20.	20.	16.	17.
13.	Moldova	1	2	2	4	2	4	-	-	-	15	14.	14.	14.	13.	12.	15.	13.	14.
14.	Albanija	1	2	2	4	1	4	-	-	1	15	16.	16.	16.	16.	13.	13.	17.	13.
15.	Gruzija	1	2	2	4	2	-	-	-	-	11	13.	13.	13.	12.	11.	11.	15.	16.
16.	Armenija	1	2	2	4	2	-	-	-	-	11	15.	15.	15.	14.	18.	18.	18.	19.
17.	Crna Gora	1	2	2	1	1	4	-	-	-	11	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
18.	Bosna i Hercegovina	1	2	2	1	-	4	-	-	-	10	26.	26.	26.	25.	25.	25.	25.	25.
19.	Srbija	1	2	2	1	-	4	-	-	-	10	27.	27.	27.	26.	27.	27.	27.	27.
20.	Kirgistan	1	-	2	4	2	-	-	-	-	9	17.	17.	17.	17.	15.	12.	11.	11.
21.	Rusija	1	2	2	1	2	-	-	-	-	8	18.	18.	18.	18.	16.	16.	12.	12.
22.	Ukrajina	1	2	2	1	2	-	-	-	-	8	19.	19.	19.	19.	17.	17.	14.	15.
23.	Azerbejdžan	1	2	2	1	2	-	-	-	-	8	20.	20.	20.	20.	19.	19.	21.	22.
24.	Kazakstan	1	-	2	1	2	-	-	-	-	6	21.	21.	21.	21.	21.	21.	19.	20.
25.	Uzbekistan	1	-	2	1	2	-	-	-	-	6	22.	22.	22.	22.	22.	22.	20.	21.
26.	Mongolija	-	-	-	4	1	-	-	-	-	5	23.	23.	23.	-	-	-	-	-
27.	Tadžikistan	1	-	2	1	1	-	-	-	-	5	25.	25.	25.	24.	24.	26.	26.	26.
28.	Belarus	1	-	2	1	-	-	-	-	-	4	24.	24.	24.	23.	23.	23.	22.	18.
29.	Turkmenistan	1	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	28.	28.	28.	27.	26.	24.	24.	23.

Strukturne reforme

• privatizacija
• restrukturiranje (zatvaranje nerentabilnih poduzeća i otpuštanje viška radnika)
• liberalizacija cijena
• liberalizacija trgovanja devizama (forex)
• antimonopolna politika
• reforma banaka i ostalih financijskih institucija

Slika 12. Privatizacija - udio privatnog vlasništva u stvaranju GDP-a, 2006, EBRD

Slika 13. Udio privatnog vlasništva u stvaranju GDP-a i udio javnog sektora u GDP-u, 2003, EBRD

Slika 14. Progres u tranziciji, EBRD, 2001 Transition Report

Tablica 3. Growth Competitiveness Index, World Economic Forum, 2006

Crveno - zemlje u tranziciji

Purpurno - nove članice EU (EU27)

Plavo - stare članice EU (EU15)

Global Competitiveness Index 2006 and 2005 comparisons
	GCI	GCI	GCI
Country/Economy	2006 Rank	2006 Score	2005 Rank		Changes 2005-2006
Switzerland	1	5.81	4		3
Finland	2	5.76	2		0
Sweden	3	5.74	7		4
Denmark	4	5.70	3		-1
Singapore	5	5.63	5		0
United States	6	5.61	1		-5
Japan	7	5.60	10		3
Germany	8	5.58	6		-2
Netherlands	9	5.56	11		2
United Kingdom	10	5.54	9		-1
Hong Kong SAR	11	5.46	14		3
Norway	12	5.42	17		5
Taiwan, China	13	5.41	8		-5
Iceland	14	5.40	16		2
Israel	15	5.38	23		8
Canada	16	5.37	13		-3
Austria	17	5.32	15		-2
France	18	5.31	12		-6
Australia	19	5.29	18		-1
Belgium	20	5.27	20		0
Ireland	21	5.21	21		0
Luxembourg	22	5.16	24		2
New Zealand	23	5.15	22		-1
Korea, Rep.	24	5.13	19		-5
Estonia	25	5.12	26		1
Malaysia	26	5.11	25		-1
Chile	27	4.85	27		0
Spain	28	4.77	28		0
Czech Republic	29	4.74	29		0
Tunisia	30	4.71	37		7
Barbados	31	4.70	—		—
United Arab Emirates	32	4.66	32		0
Slovenia	33	4.64	30		-3
Portugal	34	4.60	31		-3
Thailand	35	4.58	33		-2
Latvia	36	4.57	39		3
Slovak Republic	37	4.55	36		-1
Qatar	38	4.55	46		8
Malta	39	4.54	44		5
Lithuania	40	4.53	34		-6
Hungary	41	4.52	35		-6
Italy	42	4.46	38		-4
India	43	4.44	45		2
Kuwait	44	4.41	49		5
South Africa	45	4.36	40		-5
Cyprus	46	4.36	41		-5
Greece	47	4.33	47		0
Poland	48	4.30	43		-5
Bahrain	49	4.28	50		1
Indonesia	50	4.26	69		19
Croatia	51	4.26	64		13
Jordan	52	4.25	42		-10
Costa Rica	53	4.25	56		3
China	54	4.24	48		-6
Mauritius	55	4.20	55		0
Kazakhstan	56	4.19	51		-5
Panama	57	4.18	65		8
Mexico	58	4.18	59		1
Turkey	59	4.14	71		12
Jamaica	60	4.10	63		3
El Salvador	61	4.09	60		-1
Russian Federation	62	4.08	53		-9
Azerbaijan	64	4.06	62		-2
Colombia	65	4.04	58		-7
Brazil	66	4.03	57		-9
Trinidad and Tobago	67	4.03	66		-1
Romania	68	4.02	67		-1
Argentina	69	4.01	54		-15
Morocco	70	4.01	76		6
Philippines	71	4.00	73		2
Bulgaria	72	3.96	61		-11
Uruguay	73	3.96	70		-3
Peru	74	3.94	77		3
Guatemala	75	3.91	95		20
Algeria	76	3.90	82		6
Vietnam	77	3.89	74		-3
Ukraine	78	3.89	68		-10
Sri Lanka	79	3.87	80		1
Macedonia	80	3.86	75		-5
Botswana	81	3.79	72		-9
Armenia	82	3.75	81		-1
Dominican Republic	83	3.75	91		8
Namibia	84	3.74	79		-5
Georgia	85	3.73	86		1
Moldova	86	3.71	89		3
Serbia and Montenegro	87	3.69	85		-2
Venezuela	88	3.69	84		-4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	89	3.67	88		-1
Ecuador	90	3.67	87		-3
Pakistan	91	3.66	94		3
Mongolia	92	3.60	90		-2
Honduras	93	3.58	97		4
Kenya	94	3.57	93		-1
Nicaragua	95	3.52	96		1
Tajikistan	96	3.50	92		-4
Bolivia	97	3.46	101		4
Albania	98	3.46	100		2
Bangladesh	99	3.46	98		-1
Suriname	100	3.45	—		—
Nigeria	101	3.45	83		-18
Gambia	102	3.43	109		7
Cambodia	103	3.39	111		8
Tanzania	104	3.39	105		1
Benin	105	3.37	106		1
Paraguay	106	3.33	102		-4
Kyrgyz Republic	107	3.31	104		-3
Cameroon	108	3.30	99		-9
Madagascar	109	3.27	107		-2
Nepal	110	3.26	—		—
Guyana	111	3.24	108		-3
Lesotho	112	3.22	—		—
Uganda	113	3.19	103		-10
Mauritania	114	3.17	—		—
Zambia	115	3.16	—		—
Burkina Faso	116	3.07	—		—
Malawi	117	3.07	114		-3
Mali	118	3.02	115		-3
Zimbabwe	119	3.01	110		-9
Ethiopia	120	2.99	116		-4
Mozambique	121	2.94	112		-9
Timor-Leste	122	2.90	113		-9
Chad	123	2.61	117		-6
Burundi	124	2.59	—		—
Angola	125	2.50	—		—

Credit rating

Tablica 5. Credit rating zemalja u tranziciji, stanje 11. prosinca 2006. (Moody’s), 3. prosinca 2007. (S&P)

Crveno - junk bond rating.
Crno - investment rating.
Svaki znak ˇ znači downgrade za jedan nivo.
Svaki znak ^ znači upgrade za jedan nivo.
Moody’s (Aaa, Aa1, Aa2, Aa3, A1, A2, A3, Baa1, Baa2, Baa3, Ba1, Ba2, Ba3, B1, B2, B3, Caa1, Caa2, Caa3, Ca, C).
Standard & Poor (AAA, AA+, AA, AA-, A+, A, A-, BBB+, BBB, BBB-, BB+, BB, BB-, B+, B, B-, C, SD).

Zemlja	Moody’s		S&P
Albanija	B12007	16	-	-
Armenija	Ba22006	15	-	-
Azerbejdžan	Ba12006	14	-	-
Belarus	B12007	16	2007BB	16
Bosna i Hercegovina	B2^2006-2003	20	-	-
Bugarska	Baa3^2005^2004^^2003^2001	11	2006^2005^2004^2003^2002^2001^2000^BBB+	7
Crna Gora	-	-	2007^2004BB+	14
Češka	A1^^^2002	2	2007^A	2
Estonija	A1^^^2002	2	2004^2001^A	2
Gruzija	-	-	2005B+	19
Hrvatska	Baa3	11	2004^BBB	11
Kazakstan	Baa2^2006^^2002^^2001	9	2003^^2001^2000^BBB-	12
Kirgistan	-	-	-	-
Latvija	A2^^^2002	5	2007ˇ2004^2002^BBB+	7
Litva	A2^2006^2003^^^2002	5	2005^2003^2002^^A	2
Mađarska	A2ˇ2007^^2002^2000^1999	5	2006ˇ2000^1999^BBB+	7
Makedonija	-	-	2005^2004BB+	14
Moldova	Caa1^^^2003ˇˇˇ2002ˇ2001ˇ1999	22	-	-
Mongolija	B1	16	2007^B+	19
Poljska	A2^^2002^^1999	6	2007^2000^1999^A-	6
Rumunjska	Baa3^2006^^2004^2003^2002^2001	11	2005^2004^2003^2002^2001^^BBB-	12
Rusija	Baa2^2005^^2004^2002^^^2001	9	2007^2005^2004^2003^2002^^2001^^2000^^BBB+	7
Slovačka	A1^2006^2004^^^2002^2001	2	2005^2004^2003^2002^2001^A	2
Slovenija	Aa2^2006^^2002^2000	1	2006^2003^2002^AA	1
Srbija	-	-	2005^2004BB-	17
Tadžikistan	-	-	-	-
Turkmenistan	B22003	20	-	-
Ukrajina	B1^2003^^2001ˇ1999	16	2004^^BB-	17
Uzbekistan	-	-	-	-

Makroekonomski pokazatelji

	1997 1998 1999 2001
Slika 15. Nominalni GDP/stan, 2003, USD, World Bank]

	2000 2001
Slika 16. Realni rast GDP-a, 2003, %, World Bank

	1997 2000
Slika 17. Nezaposlenost, 2005, %, EBRD

	1998 1999
Slika 18. Prosječna bruto mjesečna plaća, sredina 2000, USD, Business Central Europe

	FDI Stock 1997 1998 2000
Slika 19. Netto strane investicije 1999-2004, milijarde USD, World Bank

	FDI Stock/Capita 1999 - 2000 FDI Inflows/Capita 2003
Slika 20. Direktne strane investicije 2004, USD/cap, World Bank

	1999 2000
Slika 21. Stanje oporavka od tranzicije, odnos GDP 2006 i 1989, EBRD

Usporedbe

Tablica 6. Index of Economic Freedom, 2006

Overall Rank	Country	Year	Overall Score	Business Freedom	Trade Freedom	Fiscal Freedom	Freedom from Gov't	Monetary Freedom	Investment Freedom	Financial Freedom	Property Rights	Freedom from Corruption	Labour Freedom
12	Estonia	2007	78.1	80	76.6	89.7	66.8	83	90	90	90	64	51.2
22	Lithuania	2007	72	86.4	76.6	91.0	76.6	81.2	70	80	50	48	60.1
31	Czech Republic	2007	69.7	61.2	76.6	79.9	52.7	86.2	70	80	70	43	77.2
32	Armenia	2007	69.4	84.5	75.6	93.1	91.6	79.7	60	70	30	29	80.9
35	Georgia	2007	68.7	78.9	61.8	94.2	91.3	77.9	60	70	30	23	99.9
40	Slovak Republic	2007	68.4	71	76.6	93.0	60.8	76.7	70	80	50	43	62.5
41	Latvia	2007	68.2	76.8	76.6	89.3	69.2	74.1	70	70	50	42	64.1
44	Hungary	2007	66.2	71.2	76.6	79.2	41.8	76.7	70	60	70	50	66.1
58	Slovenia	2007	63.6	74.2	76.6	69.7	56.8	79	70	50	50	61	48.7
62	Bulgaria	2007	62.2	66.9	60.8	91.3	65.6	75.7	60	60	30	40	71.5
66	Albania	2007	61.4	56.1	63.2	91.5	77.7	80.7	60	70	30	24	60.6
67	Romania	2007	61.3	70.9	74.0	91.7	74.9	69.7	50	60	30	30	61.4
71	Macedonia	2007	60.8	60.9	73.4	90.0	67.8	91.1	50	60	30	27	58.1
75	Kazakhstan	2007	60.4	66.5	64.2	87.6	85.9	72.9	30	60	30	26	80.5
78	Mongolia	2007	60.1	73.1	70.0	81.0	56.9	74.3	60	60	30	30	65.9
79	Kyrgyz Republic	2007	59.9	61.4	71.4	95.1	76.3	77.1	40	50	30	23	74.4
81	Moldova	2007	59.5	70	74.4	90.4	71.7	68	30	50	50	29	61.2
87	Poland	2007	58.8	56.1	76.6	79.1	55.3	80.3	50	50	50	34	56.2
98	Tajikistan	2007	56.9	53.2	66.0	93.2	86.8	67.2	30	40	30	21	81.7
107	Azerbaijan	2007	55.4	58	67.6	87.2	86.6	76.8	30	30	30	22	65.4
109	Croatia	2007	55.3	53.8	77.8	79.9	36.5	79.3	50	60	30	34	52
115	Bosnia and Herzegovina	2007	54.7	53.8	70.2	90.0	45.6	81.1	50	60	10	29	57.3
120	Russia	2007	54	66.6	62.6	86.3	71.6	62.8	30	40	30	24	66.2
125	Ukraine	2007	53.3	54	72.2	89.1	61.9	68.4	30	50	30	26	51.8
132	Uzbekistan	2007	52.6	66.1	68.2	90.0	66.1	58.6	30	20	30	22	74.7
145	Belarus	2007	47.4	54.5	62.2	87.9	66.9	61.4	20	10	20	26	64.7
152	Turkmenistan	2007	42.5	30	74.2	94.4	82.9	65.9	10	10	10	18	30

Tablica 7. Index of Economic Freedom, 1995-2007

Country	2007	2006	2005	2004	2003	2002	2001	2000	1999	1998	1997	1996	1995
Albania	61.4	62	56.6	56	53.2	53.2	53.1	51	51.5	54.4	54.2	50.8	46.4
Armenia	69.4	74.6	67.7	67.7	67	67	65.7	62.4	55.7	48.7	43	38.9	-
Azerbaijan	55.4	54	52.5	49.9	51.3	51	47.5	47.1	44.9	40.7	31.7	27.2	-
Belarus	47.4	48.5	45.3	41.6	33.9	37.8	34.1	37.8	35.3	37.9	40.8	41.7	41.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	54.7	56.9	49.5	43.9	40.1	33.6	34	40.5	24	28.8	-	-	-
Bulgaria	62.2	64.3	59.9	57.1	55.6	55.9	52.7	50.4	45	47.2	47.2	48.2	47.8
Croatia	55.3	56.2	52.5	52.9	52.5	50.8	52.7	52.7	54.6	53.2	47.8	46.6	-
Czech Republic	69.7	70	66.6	66.8	67.2	66.6	70.9	71.6	72.3	68.9	70.4	72.1	71.8
Estonia	78.1	75.9	76.6	79	79.4	79.5	79	74.2	75.8	72.6	71.2	67.4	65.2
Georgia	68.7	64.8	55.6	56.2	53.3	51.1	53.7	51.1	49.3	44.8	42.8	40.1	-
Hungary	66.2	67.1	63.4	63	63.3	64.6	67.3	66.4	59.8	58.8	58.4	58.9	58.2
Kazakhstan	60.4	61.2	51.1	47.3	50	50.2	48.1	47.5	44.8	39.1	-	-	-
Kyrgyz Republic	59.9	62.8	54.7	55.7	54.7	50.5	52.2	53.2	52.2	49	-	-	-
Latvia	68.2	69.2	63	66.2	65	64.3	64.9	63	63.3	62.4	61.9	54.6	-
Lithuania	72	73	69.5	70.9	68.2	67.2	65.7	63.3	62.8	60.9	56.3	47.4	-
Macedonia	60.8	60.7	55.6	55.2	54	53.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Moldova	59.5	59.6	55.1	54.8	57.5	55.1	51	58.1	54	51.4	46.6	50.1	33
Mongolia	60.1	63.2	60.1	58	59.8	58.5	58.1	59.4	59.4	59	52.7	48.6	48.7
Poland	58.8	61.6	59	58.7	61.5	64.8	62.6	63	62.2	61.3	57.5	58.5	52.3
Romania	61.3	58.9	50.8	48.4	47.7	46	48.3	55.3	53.1	55.7	52.1	47.7	42.9
Russia	54	54.3	50.1	51.1	49.1	47.3	48	50.1	52.9	50.9	45.9	49.6	49.7
Slovak Republic	68.4	69.2	64.7	64.2	59.2	59.6	60.1	52.7	51.6	53.5	53.5	55.3	58.9
Slovenia	63.6	63.5	60.9	62.2	58.6	56.2	59.2	56.2	59.2	58.6	53.5	46.3	-
Tajikistan	56.9	55.8	49.9	44.8	43.1	44.2	44.8	42.9	39.2	39.2	-	-	-
Turkmenistan	42.5	43.9	43.7	46.2	47	41.3	40.9	36.8	34.7	33.6	-	-	-
Ukraine	53.3	55.5	53.7	51.8	49.7	45.4	46.1	47.4	42.9	39.7	40.6	34.5	33.7
Uzbekistan	52.6	50.4	44.2	39	38	36.7	34.9	35.5	30.7	29	-	-	-

Tablica 8. TI Corruption Perceptions Index, Transparency International, 2006 + 2007

Crveno - zemlje u tranziciji
Roza - novih 12 članica EU, EU27
Plavo - zemlje članice EU, EU15

Country Rank	Country	2006 CPI Score
1	Finland	9.6
1	Iceland	9.6
1	New Zealand	9.6
4	Denmark	9.5
5	Singapore	9.4
6	Sweden	9.2
7	Switzerland	9.1
8	Norway	8.8
9	Australia	8.7
9	Netherlands	8.7
11	Austria	8.6
11	Luxembourg	8.6
11	United Kingdom	8.6
14	Canada	8.5
15	Hong Kong	8.3
16	Germany	8.0
17	Japan	7.6
18	France	7.4
18	Ireland	7.4
20	Belgium	7.3
20	Chile	7.3
20	USA	7.3
23	Spain	6.8
24	Barbados	6.7
24	Estonia	6.7
26	Macao	6.6
26	Portugal	6.6
28	Malta	6.4
28	Slovenia	6.4
28	Uruguay	6.4
31	United Arab Emirates	6.2
32	Bhutan	6.0
32	Qatar	6.0
34	Israel	5.9
34	Taiwan	5.9
36	Bahrain	5.7
37	Botswana	5.6
37	Cyprus	5.6
39	Oman	5.4
40	Jordan	5.3
41	Hungary	5.2
42	Mauritius	5.1
42	South Korea	5.1
44	Malaysia	5.0
45	Italy	4.9
46	Czech Republic	4.8
46	Kuwait	4.8
46	Lithuania	4.8
49	Latvia	4.7
49	Slovakia	4.7
51	South Africa	4.6
51	Tunisia	4.6
53	Dominica	4.5
54	Greece	4.4
55	Costa Rica	4.1
55	Namibia	4.1
57	Bulgaria	4.0
57	El Salvador	4.0
59	Colombia	3.9
60	Turkey	3.8
61	Jamaica	3.7
61	Poland	3.7
63	Lebanon	3.6
63	Seychelles	3.6
63	Thailand	3.6
66	Belize	3.5
66	Cuba	3.5
66	Grenada	3.5
69	Croatia	3.4
70	Brazil	3.3
70	China	3.3
70	Egypt	3.3
70	Ghana	3.3
70	India	3.3
70	Mexico	3.3
70	Peru	3.3
70	Saudi Arabia	3.3
70	Senegal	3.3
79	Burkina Faso	3.2
79	Lesotho	3.2
79	Moldova	3.2
79	Morocco	3.2
79	Trinidad and Tobago	3.2
84	Algeria	3.1
84	Madagascar	3.1
84	Mauritania	3.1
84	Panama	3.1
84	Romania	3.1
84	Sri Lanka	3.1
90	Gabon	3.0
90	Serbia	3.0
90	Suriname	3.0
93	Argentina	2.9
93	Armenia	2.9
93	Bosnia and Herzgegovina	2.9
93	Eritrea	2.9
93	Syria	2.9
93	Tanzania	2.9
99	Dominican Republic	2.8
99	Georgia	2.8
99	Mali	2.8
99	Mongolia	2.8
99	Mozambique	2.8
99	Ukraine	2.8
105	Bolivia	2.7
105	Iran	2.7
105	Libya	2.7
105	Macedonia	2.7
105	Malawi	2.7
105	Uganda	2.7
111	Albania	2.6
111	Guatemala	2.6
111	Kazakhstan	2.6
111	Laos	2.6
111	Nicaragua	2.6
111	Paraguay	2.6
111	Timor-Leste	2.6
111	Viet Nam	2.6
111	Yemen	2.6
111	Zambia	2.6
121	Benin	2.5
121	Gambia	2.5
121	Guyana	2.5
121	Honduras	2.5
121	Nepal	2.5
121	Phillipines	2.5
121	Russia	2.5
121	Rwanda	2.5
121	Swaziland	2.5
130	Azerbaijan	2.4
130	Burundi	2.4
130	Central African Republic	2.4
130	Ethiopia	2.4
130	Indonesia	2.4
130	Papua New Guinea	2.4
130	Togo	2.4
130	Zimbabwe	2.4
138	Cameroon	2.3
138	Ecuador	2.3
138	Niger	2.3
138	Venezuela	2.3
142	Angola	2.2
142	Congo, Republic	2.2
142	Kenya	2.2
142	Kyrgyzstan	2.2
142	Nigeria	2.2
142	Pakistan	2.2
142	Sierra Leone	2.2
142	Tajikistan	2.2
142	Turkmenistan	2.2
151	Belarus	2.1
151	Cambodia	2.1
151	Cote d’Ivoire	2.1
151	Equatorial Guinea	2.1
151	Uzbekistan	2.1
156	Bangladesh	2.0
156	Chad	2.0
156	Congo, Democratic Republic	2.0
156	Sudan	2.0
160	Guinea	1.9
160	Iraq	1.9
160	Myanmar	1.9
163	Haiti	1.8

Tablica 9. Doing business, osnivanje tvrtke, World Bank, 2006

Crveno - zemlje u tranziciji
Purporno - novih 12 članica EU, EU27
Plavo - zemlje članice EU, EU15

Region or Economy	Procedures (number)	Duration (days)	Cost (% GNI per capita)	Min. Capital (% GNI per capita)
OECD	6.2	16.6	5.3	36.1
Europe & Central Asia	9.4	32.0	14.1	53.9
South Asia	7.9	32.5	46.6	0.8
Middle East & North Africa	10.3	40.9	74.5	744.5
East Asia & Pacific	8.2	46.3	42.8	60.3
Sub-Saharan Africa	11.1	61.8	162.8	209.9
Latin America & Caribbean	10.2	73.3	48.1	18.1
Australia	2	2	1.8	0.0
Canada	2	3	0.9	0.0
Denmark	3	5	0.0	44.6
Iceland	5	5	3.1	15.9
United States	5	5	0.7	0.0
Singapore	6	6	0.8	0.0
Puerto Rico	7	7	0.8	0.0
Afghanistan	3	8	67.4	0.0
France	7	8	1.1	0.0
Jamaica	6	8	9.4	0.0
Portugal	8	8	4.3	38.7
Turkey	8	9	26.8	18.7
Netherlands	6	10	7.2	62.3
Hong Kong, China	5	11	3.3	0.0
Romania	5	11	4.4	0.0
Tunisia	10	11	9.3	28.3
Morocco	6	12	12.7	66.7
New Zealand	2	12	0.2	0.0
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	8	12	33.8	0.0
Italy	9	13	15.2	10.4
Maldives	5	13	18.1	6.6
Norway	4	13	2.5	25.1
Central African Republic	10	14	209.3	554.6
Finland	3	14	1.1	27.1
Ethiopia	7	16	45.9	1,083.8
Georgia	7	16	10.9	3.7
Latvia	5	16	3.5	26.1
Micronesia	7	16	135.9	0.0
Rwanda	9	16	188.3	0.0
Sweden	3	16	0.7	33.7
Marshall Islands	5	17	18.1	0.0
Jordan	11	18	73.0	864.4
Macedonia	10	18	7.4	112.0
Serbia	10	18	10.2	7.6
United Kingdom	6	18	0.7	0.0
Dominica	5	19	30.0	0.0
Egypt	10	19	68.8	694.7
Ireland	4	19	0.3	0.0
Panama	7	19	23.9	0.0
Kazakhstan	7	20	7.0	23.1
Mongolia	8	20	5.1	115.3
Switzerland	6	20	2.2	15.1
Antigua and Barbuda	7	21	12.5	0.0
Kiribati	6	21	50.0	27.0
Kyrgyz Republic	8	21	9.8	0.5
Madagascar	10	21	35.0	373.1
Korea	12	22	15.2	299.7
Comoros	11	23	192.3	291.7
Japan	8	23	7.5	0.0
Algeria	14	24	21.5	46.0
Armenia	9	24	5.1	3.3
Czech Republic	10	24	8.9	36.8
Germany	9	24	5.1	46.2
Montenegro	15	24	6.6	0.0
Niger	11	24	416.8	778.1
Pakistan	11	24	21.3	0.0
Slovakia	9	25	4.8	39.1
El Salvador	10	26	75.6	119.7
Lithuania	7	26	2.8	48.8
Sierra Leone	9	26	1,194.5	0.0
Belgium	4	27	5.8	21.8
Chile	9	27	9.8	0.0
Gambia	8	27	292.1	119.7
Mexico	8	27	14.2	12.5
Palau	8	28	4.9	13.1
Russia	7	28	2.7	3.4
Austria	9	29	5.6	59.6
Uzbekistan	8	29	14.1	24.7
Guatemala	13	30	52.1	26.4
Malaysia	9	30	19.7	0.0
Moldova	10	30	13.3	18.8
Tanzania	13	30	91.6	5.5
Uganda	17	30	114.0	0.0
Benin	7	31	173.3	379.1
Nepal	7	31	78.5	0.0
Poland	10	31	21.4	204.4
Argentina	15	32	12.1	5.6
Bulgaria	9	32	7.9	91.3
Tonga	4	32	10.3	0.0
Thailand	8	33	5.8	0.0
Ukraine	10	33	9.2	198.8
Burkina Faso	8	34	120.8	481.4
Israel	5	34	5.1	0.0
Oman	9	34	4.5	84.7
China	13	35	9.3	213.1
Estonia	6	35	5.1	34.3
India	11	35	73.7	0.0
Kuwait	13	35	1.6	100.8
Samoa	9	35	45.5	0.0
South Africa	9	35	6.9	0.0
Zambia	6	35	29.9	1.9
Bangladesh	8	37	87.6	0.0
Cameroon	12	37	152.2	187.3
Djibouti	11	37	222.0	571.4
Malawi	10	37	134.7	0.0
Greece	15	38	24.2	116.0
Hungary	6	38	20.9	74.2
Seychelles	9	38	9.1	0.0
Albania	11	39	22.4	36.7
Nicaragua	6	39	131.6	0.0
Saudi Arabia	13	39	58.6	1,057.5
Sudan	10	39	58.6	0.0
Vanuatu	8	39	61.3	0.0
St. Lucia	6	40	25.9	0.0
Mali	13	42	201.9	519.8
Burundi	11	43	222.4	0.0
Nigeria	9	43	54.4	29.0
Syria	12	43	21.1	4,233.5
Trinidad and Tobago	9	43	1.1	0.0
Uruguay	10	43	44.2	183.3
Colombia	13	44	19.8	0.0
Honduras	13	44	60.6	28.6
Belize	9	45	57.5	0.0
Côte d’Ivoire	11	45	134.1	226.7
Croatia	10	45	12.2	20.6
Fiji	8	46	25.8	0.0
Guyana	8	46	100.2	0.0
Lebanon	6	46	105.4	56.5
Mauritius	6	46	8.0	0.0
Iran	8	47	5.4	1.3
Spain	10	47	16.2	14.6
St. Kitts and Nevis	8	47	26.7	45.4
Philippines	11	48	18.7	1.8
Taiwan, China	8	48	4.6	200.0
Guinea	13	49	186.5	423.4
Bolivia	15	50	140.6	3.8
Sri Lanka	8	50	9.2	0.0
Vietnam	11	50	44.5	0.0
Cape Verde	12	52	45.6	60.7
Grenada	4	52	37.2	0.0
Azerbaijan	15	53	9.5	0.0
Togo	13	53	252.7	539.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	12	54	37.0	52.0
Kenya	13	54	46.3	0.0
Papua New Guinea	8	56	28.2	0.0
Solomon Islands	7	57	68.9	0.0
Senegal	10	58	112.6	269.6
Gabon	10	60	162.8	36.1
Slovenia	9	60	9.4	16.1
Swaziland	13	61	41.1	0.0
Bhutan	10	62	16.6	0.0
United Arab Emirates	12	63	36.4	338.2
Yemen	12	63	228.0	2,565.7
Ecuador	14	65	31.8	7.7
Tajikistan	14	67	75.1	378.6
Belarus	16	69	26.1	36.4
Congo, Rep.	8	71	214.8	192.4
Peru	10	72	32.5	0.0
Dominican Republic	10	73	30.2	1.1
Lesotho	8	73	39.9	15.7
Paraguay	17	74	136.8	0.0
Chad	19	75	226.1	414.1
Eritrea	13	76	115.9	449.8
Costa Rica	11	77	23.5	0.0
Iraq	11	77	67.6	57.1
Ghana	12	81	49.6	23.2
Mauritania	11	82	121.6	632.0
Cambodia	10	86	236.4	66.2
Timor-Leste	10	92	83.3	666.7
West Bank and Gaza	12	93	324.7	1,889.6
Namibia	10	95	18.0	0.0
Zimbabwe	10	96	35.6	53.0
Indonesia	12	97	86.7	83.4
Botswana	11	108	10.6	0.0
Mozambique	13	113	85.7	10.4
Angola	13	124	486.7	74.1
Equatorial Guinea	20	136	100.7	13.1
Venezuela	16	141	25.4	0.0
São Tomé and Principe	10	144	147.2	0.0
Brazil	17	152	9.9	0.0
Congo, Dem. Rep.	13	155	481.1	177.3
Lao PDR	8	163	17.3	0.0
Haiti	12	203	127.7	124.7
Guinea-Bissau	17	233	261.2	1,028.9
Suriname	13	694	153.8	1.4

Tablica 10. Human Development Index (HDI), UNDP, 2005

Crveno - zemlje u tranziciji
Purporno - novih 12 članica EU, EU27
Plavo - zemlje članice EU, EU15

High Human Development Iceland Norway Australia Canada Ireland Sweden Switzerland Japan Netherlands France Finland United States Spain Denmark Austria United Kingdom Belgium Luxembourg New Zealand Italy Hong Kong, China (SAR) Germany Israel Greece Singapore Korea (Rep. of) Slovenia Cyprus Portugal Brunei Darussalam Barbados Czech Republic Kuwait Malta Qatar Hungary Poland Argentina United Arab Emirates Chile Bahrain Slovakia Lithuania Estonia Latvia Uruguay Croatia Costa Rica Bahamas Seychelles Cuba Mexico Bulgaria Saint Kitts and Nevis Tonga Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Antigua and Barbuda Oman Trinidad and Tobago Romania Saudi Arabia Panama Malaysia Belarus Mauritius Bosnia and Herzegovina Russian Federation Albania Macedonia Brazil

Medium Human Development Dominica Saint Lucia Kazakhstan Venezuela, RB Colombia Ukraine Samoa (Western) Thailand Dominican Republic Belize China Grenada Armenia Turkey Suriname Jordan Peru Lebanon Ecuador Philippines Tunisia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Fiji Iran, Islamic Rep. of Paraguay Georgia Guyana Azerbaijan Sri Lanka Maldives Jamaica Cape Verde El Salvador Algeria Viet Nam Occupied Palestinian Territories Indonesia Syrian Arab Republic Turkmenistan Nicaragua Moldova Egypt Uzbekistan Mongolia Honduras Kyrgyzstan Bolivia Guatemala Gabon Vanuatu South Africa Tajikistan São Tomé and Principe Botswana Namibia Morocco Equatorial Guinea India Solomon Islands Lao People's Dem. Rep. Cambodia Myanmar Bhutan Comoros Ghana Pakistan Mauritania Lesotho Congo Bangladesh Swaziland Nepal Madagascar Cameroon Papua New Guinea Haiti Sudan Kenya Djibouti Timor-Leste Zimbabwe Togo Yemen Uganda Gambia

Low Human Development Senegal Eritrea Nigeria Tanzania (U. Rep. of) Guinea Rwanda Angola Benin Malawi Zambia Côte d'Ivoire Burundi Congo (Dem. Rep. of the) Ethiopia Chad Central African Republic Mozambique Mali Niger Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Sierra Leone

Linkovi

World Bank:

• Country Assistance Strategy progress report, 2001
• Country Assistance Strategy progress report, 2004